Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Overview

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation due to airway abnormalities (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveolar abnormalities (emphysema). It is a progressive, irreversible disease with chronic respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and sputum.

Symptoms

• Chronic cough
• Sputum production
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness

Treatment

Smoking cessation is the most important measure. Use inhaled bronchodilators and other medications as directed, combined with pulmonary rehabilitation. Seek prompt medical care for acute exacerbations or marked hypoxia, with oxygen therapy when needed.

Dietary advice

Eat small, frequent meals of high-protein, easily digestible foods to maintain strength, and avoid overeating and gas-producing foods that worsen breathlessness. Ensure adequate fluids to help clear sputum.