Osteoporosis

Overview

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease with low bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture, increasing fracture risk. It is the most common cause of fractures in older adults, especially of the spine, forearm and hip.

Symptoms

• Back pain
• Loss of height
• Stooped posture
• Easy fractures
• Fatigue
• Cramps

Treatment

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation with weight-bearing exercise, and no smoking or excess alcohol. Marked bone loss may be treated with anti-osteoporosis drugs such as bisphosphonates; prevent falls.

Dietary advice

High-calcium diet with milk, soy products and leafy greens, and moderate sun exposure to aid calcium absorption. Limit coffee, strong tea and high-salt foods.